An Introduction to Black Holes

Black holes are objects in the universe with so much mass trapped inside their boundaries that they have incredibly strong gravitational fields. In fact, the gravitational force of a black hole is so strong that nothing can escape once it has gone inside. Not even light can escape a black hole, it is trapped inside along with stars, gas, and dust. Most black holes contain many times the mass of our Sun and the heaviest ones can have millions of solar masses. This computer-simulated image shows a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy. The black region in the center represents the black holes event horizon, where no light can escape the massive objects gravitational grip. The black holes powerful gravity distorts space around it like a funhouse mirror. Light from background stars is stretched and smeared as the stars skim by the black hole. NASA, ESA, and D. Coe, J. Anderson, and R. van der Marel (Space Telescope Science Institute), Science Credit: NASA, ESA, C.-P. Ma (University of California, Berkeley), and J. Thomas (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany). Despite all that mass, the actual singularity that forms the core of the black hole has never been seen or imaged. It is, as the word suggests, a tiny point in space, but it has a LOT of mass. Astronomers are only able to study these objects through their effect on the material that surrounds them.  The material around the black hole forms a rotating disk that lies just beyond a region called the event horizon, which is the gravitational point of no return. The Structure of a Black Hole The basic building block of the black hole is the singularity: a pinpoint region of space that contains all the mass of the black hole. Around it is a region of space from which light cannot escape, giving the black hole its name. The outer edge of this region is what forms the event horizon. Its the invisible boundary where the pull of the gravitational field is equal to the speed of light. Its also where gravity and light speed are balanced. The event horizons position depends on the gravitational pull of the black hole. Astronomers calculate the location of an event horizon around a black hole using the equation  Rs 2GM/c2.  R is the radius of the singularity,  G is the force of gravity, M is the mass, c is the speed of light.   Black Hole Types and How They Form There are different types of black holes, and they come about in different ways. The most common type is known as a stellar-mass black hole.  These contain roughly up to a few times the mass of our Sun, and form when large main sequence stars (10 - 15 times the mass of our Sun) run out of nuclear fuel in their cores. The result is a massive supernova explosion that blasts the stars outer layers to space. Whats left behind collapses to create a black hole. An artists conception of a stellar-mass black hole (in blue) hat likely formed when a supermassive star collapsed, feeding from material ejected by a nearby star. ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel) The two other types of black holes are supermassive black holes (SMBH) and micro black holes. A single SMBH can contain the mass of millions or billions of suns. Micro black holes are, as their name implies, very tiny. They might have perhaps only 20 micrograms of mass. In both cases, the mechanisms for their creation are not entirely clear. Micro black holes exist in theory but have not been directly detected. Supermassive black holes are found to exist in the cores of most galaxies  and their origins are still hotly debated. Its  possible that supermassive black holes  are the result of a merger between smaller, stellar-mass black holes and other matter. Some astronomers suggest that they might be created when a single highly massive (hundreds of times the mass of the Sun) star collapses.  Either way, they are massive enough to affect the galaxy in many ways, ranging from effects on starbirth rates to the orbits of stars and material in their near vicinity. Many galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores. If they are actively eating, then they give off huge jets and are known as active galactic nuclei. NASA/JPL-Caltech Micro black holes, on the other hand, could be created during the collision of two very high-energy particles. Scientists suggest this happens continuously in the upper atmosphere of Earth and is likely to happen during particle physics experiments at such places as CERN.   How Scientists Measure Black Holes Since light can not escape from the region around a black hole affected  by the event horizon, nobody can really see a black hole. However, astronomers can measure and characterize them by the effects they have on their surroundings. Black holes that are near other objects exert a gravitational effect on them. For one thing, mass can also be determined by the orbit of material around the black hole. A model of a black hole surrounded by heated ionized) material. This may be what the black hole in the Milky Way looks like. Brandon DeFrise Carter, CC0, Wikimedia.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In practice, astronomers deduce the presence of the black hole by studying how light behaves around it. Black holes, like all massive objects, have enough gravitational pull to bend lights path as it passes by. As stars behind the black hole move relative to it, the light emitted by them will appear distorted, or the stars will appear to move in an unusual way. From this information, the position and mass of the black hole can be determined. This is especially apparent in galaxy clusters where the combined mass of the clusters, their dark matter,  and their black holes create oddly-shaped arcs and rings by bending the light of more distant objects as it passes by.   Astronomers can also see black holes by the radiation the heated material around them gives off, such as radio or x rays.  The speed of that material also gives important clues to the characteristics of the black hole its trying to escape. Hawking Radiation The final way that astronomers could possibly detect a black hole is through a mechanism known as Hawking radiation. Named for the famed theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking, Hawking radiation is a consequence of thermodynamics that requires that energy escape from a black hole. The basic idea is that, due to natural interactions and fluctuations in the vacuum, the matter will be created in the form of an electron and anti-electron (called a positron). When this occurs near the event horizon, one particle will be ejected away from the black hole, while the other will fall into the gravitational well. To an observer, all that is seen is a particle being emitted from the black hole. The particle would be seen as having positive energy. This means, by symmetry, that the particle that fell into the black hole would have negative energy. The result is that as a black hole ages, it loses energy, and therefore loses mass (by Einsteins famous equation, EMC2,  where Eenergy, Mmass, and C is the speed of light). Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Holy Text Of The Bible - 765 Words

As Human beings, we start to wonder about the creator of the universe, how is life after death, and about the ultimate purpose of life. There are a variety of religions in this World, however, there are a number of religions which truly do not have an answer to our questions, and therefore this makes regions unique. Religion is something that virtually shaped the world so throughout this essay I will discuss about the holy text of the bible, and about the general concept of the Judaism. Frist, Judaism has a rich history of religious text. As Rabbi Edwards from Rodfei Zedek stated, â€Å"The Torah is the first part of the Jewish Bible. It is the central and most important document of Judaism and had been used by Jews through the ages†. There are five books where the bible is made Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Torah refers to the five book of Moses, which are known in Hebrew as Chameesha Choomshey Torah. According to Rabbi Edwards, â€Å"This books were given to Moses on Sinai, and passed down by word of mouth for centuries thereafter, it is considered as divine scripture just like the written Torah†. The important note to be known about the five books is, that Moses did not write these books, therefore, God used Moses to write the first five books of the Bible. Judaism believe that the Torah shows how God wants Jews to live. As it mentioned in the audio Torah teaches people to be awaken and to be a better person, because none of us are perfect. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedReligious Texts- Examining the Content of the Holy Bible and the Holy Quran1621 Words   |  7 Pagesher shoulders interlocking with her robe below. To the right of the infant, a table displays a large white book with gold-tipped pages. On the cover, prominent gold letters display the words The Holy Bible. Two of the world’s largest religions use faith-powered books such as the Holy Bible and the Holy Quran, to educate their members. Scriptures in these books have provided religious history, given spiritual guidance, and established moral theologies passed down from one generation to another.Read MoreSolo And Sola Scriptur Two Protestant Positions1461 Words   |  6 PagesSola Scriptura is the teaching that the only infallible thing is the Bible. In both of these Scripture is a main part of the beliefs which is why the way that the Scripture is analyzed is important. Some of the traditions that come from traditions come from history and the origin of the Scripture. The Historical Critical Method is the comparing of text with other text from the same region and time period which would affect the text, and could cause question. Sola Scriptura is the teaching thatRead MoreJewish And Christian Sacred Text1001 Words   |  5 Pagesand Christian Sacred Text For years people have had a hard time distinguishing the difference between Christians and Jews. Even when reading about these two religions, they are very similar. There are two main differences that stand out the most amongst these religions. One of them is that Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah while Jews believe He was a prophet. The other difference is their opinions on sacred text. Jewish people and Christians both have sacred text; however, Christians believeRead MoreThe Christian Bible and the Islamic Quaran994 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference exist between the two sacred texts of Islam and Christianity and although the Qur’an and the Bible are considered sacred text and their impact on modern society is ever present. Sacred texts are a collection of historical writings that date back thousands of years and are used by many traditions to have a special significance especially scriptures and holy books as they are often used to show hoe to live an honest and meaningful life. The Qur’an is the sacred text of Islam. It is believed to beRead MoreChristianity And The Nature Of God1420 Words   |  6 PagesGodself, especially through the Biblical text, but also potentially through creation. God revealing Godself through the God’s Word is also known as Special Revelation; whereas, God revealing God’s personality through creation is known as General Revelation or Natural Theology. First and foremost, there is a significant debate concerning the possibility of Natural Theology. Emil Bruner and Karl Barth famously debated this in the 1930’s as Barth argued that only the Holy Spirit can illuminate the person ofRead MoreBarth Reflection God Here and Now951 Words   |  4 Pagesand Now, it becomes apparent for the need of congregation to justify, ratify, and promote the Bible as the living word of God. When and where the Bible constitutes its own authority and significance, it mediates the very presence of God through the congregation. Encountering this presence in the Church, among those whose lives presume living through the Bible’s power and meaning. Barth states that the Bible must become Gods Word and this occurs only when God wills to address us in and through itRead MoreThe Pentecostal Movement Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pentecostal movement is made up of different churches that are grouped together because of the similar belief in the physical manifestation of the Holy Spirit. In the middle of the 19th Century, a certain part of personal holiness teaching began within Protestant groups which stated that, after conversion, a second experience was likely in which the convert would be brought into a state of cleansing from sin as they set themselves for a life in Christ. This manifestation of the spiritual powerRead MoreThe Sacred Text And The Principal Beliefs Of Christianity1738 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant of sacred text, principle belief of the concept of salvation in John 3:16, principle belief of divine and humanity in ‘John 1:14’, principle belief of resurrection in ‘Mark 16:1-8’, principle belief of revelation in ‘1 corinthians14:6’, and beliefs through the Trinity in ‘2 Corinthians 13:14’. This essay will explain the important of the sacred text and the principal beliefs of Christianity. The important sacred text of Christianity is the Bible. The Bible is primary sacred text of ChristianityRead MoreThe Bible Vs The Bhagavad1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bible Vs The Bhagavad The Bible Vs The Bhagavad are the sacred books of Christians and Hindus respectively. There are several similarities as well as differences found between these the bible text and the Bhagavad text. The Bhagavad Gita is often called as the Bible of Hindus. The similarities between them can be analyzed from the facts that Bhagavat Gita and the Bible has emphasized on the love for man. The texts from both Holy books indicate the fact that God says that he loves those who loveRead MoreChristianity And The New Testament1311 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to as â€Å"The Gospel†, which is the ministry of Jesus Christ, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, and the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The â€Å"Gospel† also refers to some of the books of the Bible in the New Testament. These are accounts of Jesus’ life and His teachings. The best known accounts of Jesus found in the Bible are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Christianity started in the mid-1st century and began as a Second Temple Judaic sect. Christianity originated in Judea and started to quickly spread

Causes and consequences of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest Free Essays

The Amazonian rainforest is the largest rainforest in our planet, covering most of the Brazils area and extending out to neighbouring countries. The total area of the Amazonian rainforest is approximately 4 million km2, however about 14% of the rainforest has already been destroyed and this process continues at a rate of 20,000km2 a year. The Amazon rainforest in South America covers a huge area and there are tribes of people living there who are living a way of life that hasn’t really changed for hundreds of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and consequences of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are indigenous tribes in rainforests all over the globe but the Kayapo Indians are probably the ones we know most about. Traditionally the Kayapo have used the rainforest for all their needs. They are hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers. They survive by hunting, fishing and collecting food from the forest. The rainforest can provide them with over 200 different types of fruits as well as nuts and leaves. They supplement this diet by growing sweet potatoes, maize and manioc in small clearings near their villages. As well as food, the Kayapo use the forest to provide them with all their building materials as well as face paints, body ornaments, musical instruments and medicines. The rainforest climate is very hot, wet and sticky very humid. In the rainforest it rains every day. But the rain comes down and stop and comes down again it keep goes on like this nearly every day. The plants in the rainforest have had to adapt to the weather condition in the forest. We can prove this by looking at the trees grows tall, up to 40m through the emergent layer, in order to get sunshine. On this picture we can see that the trees are really tall in order to get the sunshine. This is because trees need sunshine to get photosensitises to get the energy to grow. The rainforests around the world. On this map it shows the rainforest around the world, and we can see the largest rainforest it’s the Amazonian rainforest. We can see all the rainforests are happening near the equator line, this is because how weather like around the areas near the equator line. The map shows how the Amazon rainforest spread out to the Brazils neighbouring countries in South America. And as we can see the countries that been involved are Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Bolnia and etc. the Amazon rainforest its all around the Amazon river, this is happening due to lots of water and the weather that u get in them kind of places. Rainforests Political/Country Borders Deforestation: Deforestation is the felling and clearance of forests land. Deforestation still takes place in our planets and it’s increasing every year. The deforestation takes place mostly in the LEDC (Less Economic Develop Countries). Deforestation occurs in many ways. Most of the clearing is done for agricultural purposes-grazing cattle, planting crops. Poor farmers chop down a small area (typically a few acres) and burn the tree trunks-a process called slash and Burn agriculture. Intensive, or modern, agriculture occurs on a much larger scale, sometimes deforesting several square miles at a time. Large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef for the world market. Commercial logging is another common form of deforestation, cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp. Logging can occur selectively-where only the economically valuable species are cut-or by clear cutting, where all the trees are cut. Commercial logging uses heavy machinery, such as bulldozers, road graders, and log skidders, to remove cut trees and build roads, which is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to the individual trees Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in. The darker the area, the more forest that is remaining. Deforestation presents multiple societal and environmental problems. The immediate and long-term consequences of global deforestation are almost certain to jeopardize life on Earth, as we know it. Some of these consequences include: loss of biodiversity; the destruction of forest-based-societies; and climatic disruption. Although all consequences of deforestation are potentially serious, perhaps the most serious consequence is that of climate change due to the loss of trees. Earth has an atmosphere which contains a variety of gases, all in a delicate balance, to ensure life on Earth. One of these gases in Earth’s atmosphere is carbon dioxide; a gas which helps moderate heat loss to outer space. Insulating gases such as carbon dioxide are called â€Å"greenhouse gasses because their function is much like that of the glass in a greenhouse. As you can see in this graph, it shows that the deforestation in Amazon still remains high. As you can see the graph goes like a mountain it keeps goes up and down we can see at the beginning it started decreasing for a few years but then it started to go up and down and then it went up really high in 1996 to 1998. This what the Amazon rainforest like in most of the areas. Although all consequences of deforestation are potentially serious, perhaps the most serious consequence is that of climate change due to the loss of trees. Earth has an atmosphere which contains a variety of gases, all in a delicate balance, to ensure life on Earth. One of these gases in Earth’s atmosphere is carbon dioxide; a gas which helps moderate heat loss to outer space. Insulating gases such as carbon dioxide are called â€Å"greenhouse gasses because their function is much like that of the glass in a greenhouse Does deforestation affects the people. There are local and global effects of deforestation in the Amazon. On a local scale, the indigenous tribes that have lived in the rainforest for many years are seeing their traditional way of life and their environment destroyed. Rivers have been polluted due to the mining in the area and soil erosion is a serious problem as the protective canopy of trees is removed. This then means the land cannot be used for growing anything else. The global effects are significant. Of the 30+ million known species on Earth, 28 million of these are in the rainforest. Deforestation is destroying habitats and species at an ever-increasing rate – one estimate is that an area the size of 15 football pitches is destroyed every minute! Some of the rainforest species have proved to be valuable to mankind. For example, we obtain ingredients for over half our medicines from the rainforest. If we continue to destroy this environment we risk losing these species forever. Deforestation is also contributing to climatic global change. Fewer trees means less evapotranspiration and therefore less water vapour in the air. This means reduced rainfall, possibly leading to droughts. At the same time, the burning of the forests releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the main gases causing global warming Groups that been affected by deforestation Native people The native people are the oldest inhabitants of the South American and the Amazon rainforest who lives in the forest for over 500 hundred years ago. There was approximately ten million native who lived in the Amazonian forest. But now days the population getting smaller and smaller, this is because the native people been affected by the deforestation. The native people who survive and depends on the forests for foods, water, shelters and etc, we can see why the native people getting less and lesser, and the reason why is because the deforestation in South America increasing and it affects the people by cutting or burning down the forests, and this will destroy their homes and the way they living (culture). The native people can not live with out the forests, because they get medicines from the plants, and make shelters from the trees plus when there is forests tree is animals which useful for foods. Farmers Ones the trees have been made into timber they exported to generally MEDC*s. where it is used in industry for various obvious reason. Although tree are a renewable resource this is only achieved when done in a sustainable way with the appropriate are put in place and practiced. In the current day situation this is rarely practiced and therefore the inevitable consequence of deforestation is taking place. Farmer will benefit from deforestation because they will have more land for growing anything that they want. Homeless people People all around the country might find themselves every where due to many factors for example people in brazil always looking for better place to live this is the low class people because the government keep pushing them out of a place that is not belong to them, and most of these people turn to the cities to find better place. (push and pull factors). Earth The deforestation affects our planet. This is because the carbon cycle. Forests act as a major carbon store because carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up from the atmosphere and used to produce the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up the tree. When forests are cleared, and the trees are either burnt or rot, this carbon is released as CO2. This leads to an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. CO2 is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that deforestation contributes one-third of all CO2 releases caused by people. How to cite Causes and consequences of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest, Papers

Othello vs Henry V Essay Example For Students

Othello vs Henry V Essay Many consider William Shakespeare England s foremost dramatic poet. William Shakespeare used existing stories as a basis for many of his plays. For example Shakespeare s Othello was based on a tale in Cinthio s Hecatommithi UN Captitano Moro. In Shakespeare s version of this play he stressed the drama in many ways. Shakespeare also significantly changed the story s ending from the original. He emphasized the qualities of love, revenge, and despair. William Shakespeare s Henry V was not considered to be one of his better plays; it actually was the final installment of three preceding plays. Richard II and Henry IV, parts I and II all lead the reader to the plot of Henry V. Henry V was first performed in 1599 at the Globe Theater. William Shakespeare had already written, Richard II (1593), Richard III (1594) and Henry IV, in three parts, (1597-1958). Henry V completed a series of plays that covered English political history from 1398 to 1485. The preceding plays showed Henry when he was young. They portrayed how members of the lower class always accompanied him. Richard II and Henry IV depicted Henry as he learned to understand his common subjects and found his own sense of worth. Many scenes from Henry V show Henry s merciful nature and his personal beliefs on religion and justice. In many of William Shakespeare s works he used analogous plot structure. This technique involves placing two characters is the same situation, but each character makes a different decision about the situation. An example of analogous plot structure in Othello occurs when Iago lies to both Othello and Desdemona. Iago, in his anger for being passed up for promotion, plans to destroy Othello s relationship with Desdemona. He does this by telling Othello that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him with Cassio. In accordance with this technique Othello becomes very distant from Desdemona after hearing these lies while remains calm and denies the false accusations. Othello, known for his bad temper, ultimately becomes insanely mad at Desdemona and kills her in a fit of anger. Othello and Desdemona were both put in a situation that could have been resolved with patience and time, but where Desdemona made the correct decision of remaining calm, Othello lost his temper. After Othello murders his wife, he finds out that she was never unfaithful to him. Othello then kills himself and falls into the bed beside his wife. Analogous plot structure creates more drama and surprise in the play. In most situations, one character is placed in a situation and makes the correct decision, while another character makes the wrong decision. An example of analogous plot structure in Henry V is when King Henry disguises himself as a soldier and meets with three men including Michael Williams the night before the Battle of Agincourt. King Henry puts himself in the situation of a soldier, to see what his men thought of him. King Henry talks to Michael Williams, and Williams questions why the King would wage this war. Michael Williams never doubts his own obedience to the crown yet he wonders if the King feels any sorrow for the soldiers who are about to die in battle. King Henry, in disguise, listens to Williams very carefully and suggests that they fight after the battle so they exchange gloves this way they would recognize each other. When Michael Williams realizes that the man he was supposed to fight was actually the King, he defends himself honestly. King Henry rewards the honest soldier with the glove, which he filled with money. King Henry was honored to see that his soldiers were loyal to him. This is in direct contrast to Lord Scroop, The Earl of Cambridge, and Sir Thomas Grey, who were the King s friends until the French secretly offered them money to assassinate the king. They would have killed Henry if they were not caught. Instead the traitors were charged with treason and killed. These men caused King Henry to wonder who he could trust. In this example of analogous plot structure the King is placed in two separate situations – one of being proud because of his loyal soldiers and one of betrayal from his friends. William Shakespeare s writings show how jealousy respect, power, glory, and honor can create a better life or destroy a person completely. There are many unexpected consequences, which are brought about by honor and glory. Shakespeare is known for his ability to create a mood or setting where as the reader can actually put themselves in the position of the character. Being able to understand a character s emotion helps the reader or audience to see the character differently in his or her own mind. Who Caused The Death Of Romeo And Juliet EssayKing Charles, the ruler of France, meets with his top military leaders and son, Dauphin, to discuss their plan to stop the English invasion. Dauphin is again disrespectful towards King Henry calling him a vain, shallow, humorous youth (2.4.28). The constable of France warns Dauphin about King Henry s bravery and his glory in battle. King Henry arrives with his soldiers at the port of Harflear and proceeded to attack the fort. Soon after the flourish sounds, the governor of Harflear asks to speak with King Henry. The governor informs Henry that Dauphin is unable to send any more soldiers and therefore will surrender. King Charles has gathered his nobles to tell them that King Henry is defeating their soldiers and continuing his invasion. King Charles orders his nobles to gather men and meet Henry in battle. The constable realizes that the French outnumber the English, which gives the French the false impression that they can easily defeat King Henry and his army. To prove how moral and fair King Henry is, and how he protects the reputation of the English army he allows his friend Bardolph to be executed. Bardolph was caught stealing by one of his superior officers. King Henry felt sorrow for Bardolph, knowing that he could easily spare his life, but he is a man of morals and stealing gave the English army a bad reputation. At this point of the play King Henry is curious to see what his soldiers think of him. Henry knows that he would not be able to get an honest response from a soldier if he did not disguise himself. The King borrows a friend s jacket and walks around as if he were an ordinary soldier. Henry stops and speaks with two soldiers, Bates and Williams. Bates says to Henry that the common soldiers would rather go home because they knew that they would be killed the next day, whereas the King would be ransomed rather than killed. The other soldier, Williams, agrees with Bates, stating that the King s reason for this battle had better be worth the blood that will be shed tomorrow. When Henry hears this, it greatly upsets him. As the French are gathering their soldiers, King Henry delivers a famous speech known as the Saint Crispin s Day Speech. He tells his men that he wishes he had fewer of them, so that each individual man could have more glory as they defeat the French army. King Henry ends his speech in stating we few, we happy few, we band of brothers (4.3.60). King Henry meets with Montjoy, the French messenger. With most of the French military leaders as prisoners, Henry asks Montjoy if the French surrender. Montjoy then confesses the surrender of the French. King Henry and his nobles meet with King Charles for the first time at the French court. They are meeting to discuss a peace agreement between the two kings. While the nobles are discussing the peace agreement with King Charles, Henry begins to flirt with Catherine, King Charles daughter. Catherine is hesitant at first, and she agrees to marry Henry only if her father gives his permission. King Henry ignores this custom and kisses her. King Charles agrees to the documents, which make King Henry the legal heir to the French thrown. King Henry also will wed Catherine, therefore having an heir to both the English and the French throne. The play ends with the promise of Henry and Catherine s marriage. William Shakespeare, in both Henry V and Othello, portrays the heights and depths of glory. Both Othello and King Henry enjoy the fame and power resulting from their glory. Glory can do amazing things for people, but it has its disadvantages. For example, Iago s jealousy of Othello causes him to plan how to destroy Othello s life. King Henry also experienced the pitfalls of glory. Three of King Henry s men attempted to assassinate him, and one of these men was his close companion. These two plays show how sometimes glory is not always what its made out to be.

Albrecht Durer Essay Example

Albrecht Durer Essay Artist and Humanist, Albrecht Durer is one of the most significant figures in the history f European art outside Italy during the Renaissance (Gowing 195).Portraying the questioning spirit of the Renaissance, Durers conviction that he must examine and explore his own situation through capturing the very essence of his role as artist and creator, is reflected in the Self-portrait in a Fur Collared Robe (Strieder 10). With the portrait, Durers highly self-conscious approach to his status as an artist coveys his exalted mission of art more clearly than in any other painting.He seems to be less concerned with himself as a person than with himself as an artist, and less with the artist than with the origin and exalted mission of art itself.(Strieder 13). In this self-portrait Durer portrays himself in the guise of the Savior.Durers natural resemblance to Christ has been reverently amplified (Hutchinson 67).His bearded face is grave, and fringed by lustrous shoulder-lenth hair painted in a dark, Christ-like brown (Russell 89.Scholars have called attention to the fact that, the portrait was intended to portray Durer as the thinking artist through emphasis on the enlarged eyes and the right hand.Dueres use of the full-face view and almost hypnotic gaze emphasizes his belief that the sense of sight is the most noble of the five senses.He wrote in the Introduction to his Painters Manual, For the noblest of mans senses is sight Therefore a thing seen is more believable and long-lasting to us than something we hear (Hutchison 68). The position of the right hand held in front of his chest is almost as if in blessing (89 Russell).Joachim Camerarius, a professor who published a Latin translation of two of Durers books, wrote of Durers intelligent head, his flashing eyes, his nobly formed nose, his broad chest, and then noted: But his fingers- you would vow you had never seen anything more elegant (Rus

THE ANALYSIS OF ORWELLS NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Essays

THE ANALYSIS OF ORWELLS NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Essays THE ANALYSIS OF ORWELLS NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Essay THE ANALYSIS OF ORWELLS NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Essay â€Å"The brightest hopes of humanity, we know, are apt to devolve into justifications for the Inquisition, the Stalinist purgings or the My Lai massacres† . Nevertheless, Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourand Huxley’sBrave New Worldmolded political thought of modern-day readers and well influenced farther coevalss of writers, such as Ray Bradbury, Stanislaw Lem, Thomas Pynchon and Anthony Burgess. The term ‘Orwellian’ , which is frequently utilised by critics, became the incarnation of â€Å"the totalitarian development of the State as depicted inNineteen Eighty-fourandAnimal Farm† ( The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1991 [ page 839 ] ) . As modern democracy fails to set up public and single freedom, Orwell and Huxley’s novels become particularly important for detecting the balance between common and private kingdoms.Nineteen Eighty-fourandBrave New Worlduncover of import moral and societal issues, keeping the thoughts of freedom and equality among all groups of people. Therefore, the end of the research is double: 1 ) to carry on a profound analysis of the major issues of Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourand Huxley’sBrave New World; 2 ) to uncover the similarities and differences between the invented universes and the modern-day universe. On the footing of these ends the paper is divided into several chapters. Get downing with an debut that provides a general overview of Orwell and Huxley’s literary plants, the analysis continues with a reappraisal of the literature that evaluates the bing critical plants in respect toNineteen Eighty-fourandBrave New World.The following subdivision demonstrates the theoretical research methods utilised for the analysis, while chapter 4 investigates in deepness the issues of province, freedom, apathy and brainwashing in Orwell and Huxley’s novels, paying much attending to modernness. Chapter 5 summarises the findings of the analysis and is followed by the concluding subdivision that discusses the restrictions of the research and provides some suggestions for farther surveies of George Orwell and Aldous Huxley. 2 Review of the literature Due to the fact that Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourand Huxley’sBrave New Worldare instead complex literary plants, they evoke contradictory critical point of views. Alan Kennedy ( 1998 [ page 94 ] provinces that â€Å"Orwell’s novel is non at all a prognostication or a warning, but a challenge: a challenge to our reading ability† . Christopher Hitchens ( 2002 ) expresses the opposite position, claiming that Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fouris a truly prophetic work that depicts an imperial universe. Neil Postman ( 1986 ) reveals the similar sentiment in respect to Huxley’sBrave New World,saying that the writer provides the true portraiture of the consumer universe with the spread of mass media and drugs. French republics Fukuyama ( 2002 ) considers that Aldous Huxley’s narrative is non merely prophetic, but it exceeds other plants of fiction, as the novel foretells the finds in familial technology long before they were really revealed. Erich Fromm ( 1990 [ page 313 ] ) points out that Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourâ€Å"is the look of a temper, and it is a warning. The temper it expresses is that of near desperation about the hereafter of adult male, and the warning is that†¦ work forces all over the universe will lose their most human qualities† . Alok Rai ( 1988 [ page 120 ] ) reveals that â€Å"Orwell’s bookmans have noted the continuity betweenNineteen Eighty-fourand Orwell’s earlier Hagiographas, at the degree of images every bit good as of themes† . Jenni Calder ( 1976 [ page 35 ] ) draws a analogue between the writers’ backgrounds and the universes they present, proposing that â€Å"Huxley and Orwell were both cognizant that within the society they observed, people were easy influenced. They were, in fact, conditioned all the clip, subjected all the clip to pressures† . Calder points out that Huxley’s conditioning is depicted through the societal use, and Orwell’s conditioning is reflected through the impact of media and political forces. Jerome Meckier ( 1978 ) evaluates the extent of psychological conditioning in Huxley’sBrave New World, pulling a analogue between Freud and Ford who are exposed to a instead satirical portraiture in the novel. Harmonizing to Meckie r ( 1978 [ page 41 ] ) , â€Å"Where Ford wanted to run life like one of his mills, Freud treated the head as a piece of neurological machinery†¦ Our Ford equals Our Freud because Huxley saw both work forces as canonized mechanics† . Deanna Madden ( 1992 ) analysesBrave New Worldthrough the feministic position. Madden ( 1992 [ page 289 ] ) states that â€Å"The scene of Brave New World, a future London of phallic skyscrapers, is a universe in which the male rule of scientific discipline has subjugated and about eradicated the female rule of nature† . To a certain extent, this statement is valid, as Huxley truly intensifies the portraiture of male gender, cut downing female gender. But, on the other manus, such attitude towards males and females is important for Huxley’s narrative, and Madden’s point of view may uncover her ain biass in respect toBrave New World.Some critics ( for case, Suvin, 1970 ) show their prejudices in other ways ; in peculiar, they point at the fact that such Utopias asBrave New WorldandNineteen Eighty-fourshould be banned because of their negative impact on society. However, harmonizing to Mannheim ( 1985 [ pages 262-263 ] , the prohibition of utopia â€Å"ultimately would intend the decay of human will†¦ bring [ ing ] about a inactive province of personal businesss in which adult male himself becomes no more than a thing† . Overall, such controversial sentiments provide an chance to analyze Huxley and Orwell’s novels from different positions and uncover alterations in societal thought. 3 Research methodological analysis The present research applies to a historical research method and a comparative attack, as both methods are important for the comparing of two literary plants and the comparing of two kingdoms – the fabricated and modern. The comparative attack draws a parallel between two different facets, bring outing similar and opposite sides within the socio-political scene ( Ragin, 1991 ) , while the historical method analyses these facets through historical, political and societal contexts. In this paper the historical method is utilised for the rating of the periods, in which Huxley and Orwell’s plants are created, and the present societal world. Therefore, the historical method non merely collects certain informations, using both primary and secondary beginnings, but besides interprets them through the positions of the past and present ( Leedy, 2001 ) . In this respect, the method expands the modern-day apprehension of Orwell and Huxley’s fictions. The comparative attack provides the footing for understanding societal and political systems in the discussed societies and reveals the relatedness of certain issues. Besides, this method demonstrates that the impressions ‘utopia’ and ‘dystopia’ are non contradictory, but instead complementary. Utopia can be transformed into dystopia and frailty versa, depending on the perceptual experience and reading of a peculiar literary work. Although Huxley and Orwell provide the portraitures of the Utopian universes, they bit by bit present the images of societies that can be identified as dystopian. 4 Discussion 4.1. The novels’ historical contexts George Orwell’s novelNineteen Eighty-fourwas produced after the writer’s return from the Civil War in Spain. Despite the fact that Orwell chiefly belonged to the left political wing, the war well changed his point of views, and the author became greatly defeated with the political system of the U.S.S.R. The Hitler-Stalin Pact, which put an terminal to the Spanish Revolution, was negatively accepted by Orwell who began to uncover the negative effects of the Stalinist government in his literary plants. The attitude of the West was similar to Orwell’s vision shortly after World War Two, but inNineteen Eighty-fourOrwell makes an effort to supply a true portraiture of the destructive Communist political orientation. As a author, Orwell deviates from any political labels, but howeverNineteen Eighty-fourremains an of import political work. This truthfulness was negatively perceived by Soviet mass media that regarded Orwell’s work as the concealed aggression on Soviet Union and Communism ( Anisimov, 1975 ) . However, George Orwell ( 1970, Vol.4 [ page 564 ] ) rejects this point of view, claiming that â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-fouris NOT intended as an onslaught on Socialism†¦ but as a show-up of the perversions to which a centralized economic system is apt and which have already been partially realised in Communism and Fascism† . Orwell was good cognizant of the negative impact of the totalitarian government on a province ; in peculiar, the author observed the gradu al decay of Great Britain under the force per unit area of two unsafe political powers – the Communist Party and Nazi dictators. Using the position of the hereafter, Orwell discusses the issues and events, which deeply reflect the modern-day universe, despite the fact that Orwell depicts the totalitarian government of the Stalin epoch. Simultaneously,Nineteen Eighty-fourmay uncover Orwell’s anxiousness for â€Å"the turning off from democracy and blunt esteem for dictatorship, which overtook the British clerisy in approximately 1940† ( Orwell, 1970, Vol.3 [ page 94 ] . This doubtful attack seems to arouse uncertainness, which the writer expresses in the really beginning of the narrative. On the one manus, the described events may be reiterated in the hereafter and, therefore, the novel will be strongly prohibited. On the other manus, the author’s vision of the future society may be incorrect ; in this respect, his thoughts will be mindless. However, George Orwell’s uncertainness was overdone, asNineteen Eighty-fourappeared to be rather appropriate for the modern universe. As George Orwell ( 1970, Vol.4 [ page 564 ] ) acknowledges in the missive to Henderson, â€Å"I believe that something resembling it [ the totalitarian universe ] could get. I believe besides that totalitarian thoughts have taken root in the heads of intellectuals everywhere† . Therefore, it is possible to assume that Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourwas meant to be prophetic, although the writer could non foretell the extent of this prognostication. George Orwell was one of those British writers who realised the dangers of the modern epoch and made everything to continue simpleness of the past, at least through literature. Deviating from his upbringing and detecting the influence of imperialism on assorted groups of people, Orwell used to measure every societal or political issue from the double position. Contrary to Orwell’s novel, Aldous Huxley’s workBrave New Worldwas non destined to be prophetic. Huxley wrote his novel in 1932 when the issues of drugs, sex and human cloning were non even exposed. But in a unusual manner, the fabricated society inBrave New Worldgreatly resembles modern American society, and today many issues raised by the writer pealing true. However, this prognostication is non inadvertent, as Huxley lived in many European states, such as Britain, France and Italy and observed their civilization, political systems and living conditions. InBrave New Worldthe author embodies the bing moral decay, corruptness and the spread of gender. Although Huxley nowadayss future London in the novel, it is the United States that is reflected in his created community. Belonging to the upper-class society, Huxley was truly afraid of the bureaucratic system established in the USA. This bureaucratism is portrayed in Huxley’s novel through the image of Henry Ford. In the 30s old ages of the 20Thursdaycentury Ford was one of the most of import figures in the universe, and Ford’s mills were presented as illustrations of glorious productiveness. As David Gartman ( 1998 [ page 121 ] provinces, â€Å"around the bend of the century competitory capitalist economy gave manner to the monopoly or Fordist phase. This period is defined by the rise of the big, monopolistic corporation and the mass production of standardized goods† . Although the Soviet Union worshipped Ford, Huxley raises against Ford and his concern ‘empire’ . The author was good cognizant of economic jobs in the capitalist universe that were aggravated by the spread of fascism, and Huxley wasn’t deceived by Ford’s prosperity. Similar to Orwell’s novel,Brave New Worlddemonstrates the division of society on the elite, which consists of 10 Controllers, and the common people. But different life conditions of George Orwell and Aldous Huxley influenced their presentation of the hereafter universes. While Orwell provides the dark universe with the deficiency of freedom and force, paying much attending to political issues, Huxley creates the Utopian world based on the over-use of engineering and pleasances. The undermentioned subdivision demonstrates that, to some extent, both writers were right in their portraitures of the hereafter, gaining the strength of totalitarian government and the spread of engineering. 4.2.The analysis of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World In his celebrated novelNineteen Eighty-fourGeorge Orwell applies to the hereafter, in peculiar, to the period of 1984, portraying a totalitarian society Oceania, which is to the full controlled by the alleged Big Brother. Actually, Orwell portrays three universe powers: Oceania that includes the USA, Latin America and the United Kingdom, Eastasia with such states as Asia, China and the greatest portion of Latin, and eventually Eurasia. In Oceania people are deprived of free thought and freedom, being under the changeless observation of a specific regulating organic structure. Introducing the thought of Thought Crime and the official organ of the Thought Police, the governments prevent any show of free will or trust among citizens. In his essayLiterature and Dictatorship( 1941 ) Orwell ( 1970 [ page 161 ] ) expresses the similar thought, claiming that â€Å"we live in an age in which the independent person is discontinuing to be – or possibly one should state, in which the per son is discontinuing to hold the semblance of being autonomous† . Harmonizing to Orwell’s point of view, dictatorship is normally identified with such states as Russia or Germany, but in world this political system may be found throughout the universe. Dictatorship threatens the really being of society, as it controls societal and single thought. Therefore, inNineteen Eighty-fourand inLiterature and DictatorshipOrwell raises the issue of brainwashing, an invented political tool, which is utilized to turn people towards a certain way. In fact, the impression of brainwashing appeared after Orwell’s publication ofNineteen Eighty-four( more exactly in 1950 in the USA ) , but as brainwashing is a widely spread phenomenon in the modern universe, this term is utilised in the analysis of Orwell’s novel. Similar to Orwell’s universe, where Big Brother utilises brainwashing to command people’s heads, many modern-day provinces, such as the USA and Russia, use to brainwashing to accomplish certain intents. For case, brainwashing in these states normally acquires political and spiritual signifiers. As for the latter facet, assorted spiritual cults use brainwashing to alter people’s beliefs. InNineteen Eighty-fourthe author portrays merely political brainwashing, as spiritual cults were non prevailing in Orwell’s times. However, political brainwashing is even more aggravated in the modern universe than in Orwell’s novel. This is particularly obvious in the USA, where the efforts of politicians and mass media are aimed at affecting people into different signifiers of terrorist act. The Bush opinion is normally identified with the military absolutism because of assorted instances of brainwashing. Unfortunately, these sorts of brainwashing are utilised in s uch a hidden manner that Americans are no longer cognizant of the existent state of affairs in their state. This has a direct analogue to Orwell’s society, but there are some persons in George Orwell’s narrative, like Winston Smith from the Ministry of Truth and Julia, who make efforts to oppose the bing societal system, or, in other words, Ingsoc ( English Socialism ) . Unfortunately, Winston’s efforts are vain, as the character’s battle for freedom eventually destroys him. The bing system absorbs Winston, as Orwell ( 2000 [ page 311 ] ) provinces, â€Å"it was alright, everything was all right, the battle was finished. He had won the triumph over himself. He loved Big Brother† . In fact, the governing Party inNineteen Eighty-fourgreatly depends on such immune persons as Winston and Julia, but these characters are treated as ‘dead’ , because they differ from the remainder of society. Harmonizing to O’Brien, another character of Orwell’s narrative, â€Å"we do non let the dead to lift up against us†¦ we do non destruct the heretic†¦ we convert him, we capture his inner head, we reshape him†¦ we make the encephalon perfect before we blow it out† ( Orwell, 2000 [ page 267 ] ) . In other words, the Party both inspires and destroys the immune forces to last. Thus, Winston’s free will is suppressed, and he starts to resemble other citizens of Oceania who obey Big Brother without modesty. As O’Brien puts it, â€Å"The misbeliever, the enemy of society, will ever be at that place, so that he can be defeated and humiliated all over again†¦ This play I have played out with you during seven old ages will be played out over and over once more, coevals after generation† ( Orwell, 2000 [ pages 280-281 ] ) . This destructive societal control is established in modern Germany, which excellently reflects the world of Orwell’s fabricated universe. The procedure of reunion that occurred in 1989 after the autumn of the Berlin Wall resulted non merely in the serious economic prostration, but besides in the formation of the system that began to stamp down any presentation of free will in Germany. Such suppression created a considerable strife between the presented societal image and the bing world. In his workTime Must Have a StopAldous Huxley ( 1998 [ page 3 ] exactly depicts the similar societal world: â€Å"And 1000000s hungering, 1000000s frightened, an d ill, and anxious†¦ The horror was ever at that place, even when 1 happened to be experiencing good and happy – ever at that place, merely round the corner and behind about every door† . In the novelAnimal Farm( 1945 ) , which opposes the Stalinist government in the allegorical manner, George Orwell ( 1977 ) creates the correspondent portraiture, showing the loss of freedom and hapless life conditions of animate beings after their rebellion. Overthrowing Farmer Jones, animate beings replace a barbarous leader for even the worse leader Napoleon who establishes the system of panic and brainwashing. Making the important elite, Napoleon ( the incarnation of Stalin ) divides animate beings on higher and lower. Through Squealer, the hog that conducts the propaganda, Orwell uncovers the rules of brainwashing in a totalitarian system. Squealer presents Napoleon as the ultimate maestro of all animate beings, pull offing to carry them that some animate beings are created superior to others. In this respect, Orwell draws a analogue between animate beings and human existences ; this is particularly obvious in the undermentioned transition fromAnimal Farm, â€Å"The animals outs ide looked from hog to adult male, and from adult male to pig, and from hog to adult male once more, but already it was impossible to state which was which† ( Orwell, 1977 [ page 119 ] ) . Simultaneously, the author reveals that any revolution consequences in the alteration of leaders, but non in the betterment of life conditions. This was merely the instance with the Orange Revolution in Ukraine that occurred in 2004-2005 ; although the Revolution was aimed at replacing the corrupted leader for a just leader, the state of affairs in Ukraine has well aggravated since so. The present opinion organic structure intensifies the differentiation between the elite and the common people, reenforcing poorness and societal dissatisfaction. As a consequence, the acquired freedom appears excessively brief, while the power is wholly corrupted. Nothing has truly changed, as is truthfully shown inAnimal Farm.Furthermore, inNineteen Eighty-fourGeorge Orwell besides demonstrates that the common people, unlike the opinion elite, live in dark topographic points of poorness and societal antipathy. This is particularly true in respect to modern China, where the opinion governments enrich themselves, adhering to communist rules, but the common people undergo poorness because of this corruptness. Such portraiture can be applied non merely to Germany and China, but besides to modern-day Russia and Ukraine, the states of the former U.S.S.R. , where corruptness has acquired so expansive signifiers that it threatens the being of both states. In Russia and Ukraine, similar to Orwell’s Oceania, freedom and free will are limited, although the states adhere to the rules of democracy. But this democracy is merely an image for European states, while in world their societal systems are really near to the totalitarian government. Mass media and concern in Russia and Ukraine are controlled by the bing authorities organic structure, which conceals the truth and normally provides people with wrong information. Long before Russia and Ukraine’s independency George Orwell explains the grounds and effects of such societal system. InNineteen Eighty-fourthe author points at the fact that any societal decay is the direct consequence of the decay within governmental governments. Making changeless efforts to set up stableness in Oceania, the opinion organic structure creates an semblance for the citizens, as stableness prevents any patterned advance or alteration, both societal and single. Although Large Brother seems to command everything and everybody in Oceania, it is ruined indoors. Orwell’s Great Leader is non merely corrupted, but it besides destroys human va lues and the kernel of individuality, keeping the ideals of brainwashing and subjugation. However, as Winston claims in respect to the Party, â€Å"I know that you will neglect. There is something in the universe – I don’t cognize, some spirit, some rule – that you will neer overcome†¦ The spirit of Man† ( Orwell, 2000 [ page 282 ] ) . It is this peculiar spirit that opposes different facets of the bing societal system, including Newspeak, the linguistic communication spoken in this fabricated state. Actually, the state of affairs with Newspeak is instead controversial and it greatly corresponds with the linguistic communication state of affairs in modern Ukraine. Though in Orwell’s narrative Newspeak â€Å"was the official linguistic communication of Oceania†¦ in the twelvemonth 1984 there was non as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole agencies of communication† ( 2000 [ page 312 ] ) . As Ukraine acquired independency, Ukrainian became its official linguistic communication, but the bulk of population continued to t alk Russian linguistic communication. Nowadays the linguistic communication job in Ukraine becomes the sticking point for many political parties that utilise it for their ain intents. Some parties support the thought of bilingualism, while other political leaders oppose it. But it is obvious that Ukrainian linguistic communication will be a exclusive official linguistic communication every bit long as it is necessary for Ukrainian governments. As Frank Winter ( 1984 [ page 87 ] ) truly claims, â€Å"Throughout [Nineteen Eighty-four] , Newspeak is identified with Ingsoc† , and Orwell’s character Winston expresses the same impression, indicating out that â€Å"Newspeak is Ingsoc and Ingsoc is Newspeak† ( Orwell, 2000 [ page 55 ] ) . Therefore, the Party and the linguistic communication are inseparably connected with each other inNineteen Eighty-four; if Newspeak fails to replace the former linguistic communication, so the bing Party will non be recognised as the chief important organic structure in Oceania. Harmonizing to Rai ( 1988 [ page 122 ] ) , â€Å"the affair of linguistic communication – â€Å"Newspeak† – is cardinal to Orwell’s construct of the smothering dictatorship ofNineteen Eighty-four. Language is one of the cardinal instruments of political domination, the necessary and insidious agencies of the ‘totalitarian’ control of reality† . As a glorious stylist, Orwell expresses his frights of the linguistic communication simplification through the execution of Newspeak. In this respect, mass media in Orwell’s narrative bit by bit eliminates certain words from the use ; it is the purpose of the newsmans to understate the vocabulary, forestalling any spread of thought. This sort of brainwashing exists in modern media, although in a different mode. For case, mass media in the United States or Russia pay attending to specific words to arouse people’s emotions towards such issues as terrorist act, drugs and cloning, trusting to animate unfastened actions. Newspapers and telecasting may easy divert from the truth or keep contradictory point of views, depending on fortunes. Similarly, the Ministry of Truth inNineteen Eighty-foursubstitutes the true historical portraitures for dishonest records under the force per unit area of Big Brother. Possessing a monopoly on information, the Party establishes its ain history and creates telecasting plans with force and erotica for the remainder of population. As a consequence, people inNineteen Eighty-fourare brought up on the rules of force and hatred ; the execution of ‘hate sessions’ , a specific societal ceremonial, intensifies these negative emotions and at the same time ties human existenc es with the opinion organic structure. As Mario Varricchio ( 1999 [ page 98 ] ) points out, the media in Orwell’s fresh â€Å"perform [ s ] a important political map by forestalling and quashing protest and, more by and large, by conditioning and suppressing oppositional forces in a manner that ominously foreshadows the present† . Presents, mass media in the United States invariably presents the images of force, negatively act uponing both kids and grownups. On the one manus, such images change people’s heads and coerce them to populate in the illusive universe, as in Orwell’s novel. On the other manus, kids who are brought up on such images suffer from assorted behavioral and psychological upsets that destroy the natural procedure of their development. Today’s world is even more awful than the world portrayed inNineteen Eighty-four; force in the media generates the spread of terrorist act, which, in its bend, acquires a baleful power because of the media. The events of September 11 were utilised by the media to animate people’s hatred and, at the same clip, to warrant farther actions of American authorities against the terrorists. Actually, Bush and his protagonists treat the terrorist onslaughts of September 11 in such controversial ways that it is clear that the US regulating org anic structure maintains the rules of doublethink even more than the Party in Orwell’s narrative. In Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourOcenia is in the changeless battle, but this province of war is disguised with the aid of propaganda and false information. Harmonizing to Barnes ( 1980 [ page 142 ] ) , people in Oceania â€Å"are efficaciously prevented from larning that the wars are really phoney. To convey about this indispensable misrepresentation of the people requires a enormous development of propaganda, thought-policing, regimentation and mental terrorism† . The USA utilises the similar methods, supplying secret fiscal support for assorted unsafe groups and elect, but making the image of a democratic province that makes everything to get by with the spread of terrorist act. Tariq Ali ( 2002 ) claims that the United States justifies all actions for the protection of democracy in the state, such as American ‘war on terror’ in respect to Iraq and Afghanistan, but this thought of doublethink is really similar to Orwell’s vocalization ‘war is peace’ . In his novelComing Up for Air( 1939 ) Orwell ( 1977 [ page 149 ] ) reveals non the incubus of war, but the negative effects of war, claiming that â€Å"it isn’t the war that affairs, it’s the after-war. The universe we’re traveling down into, the sort of hate-world, slogan-world† . American mass media exaggerates or simplifies the state of affairs with terrorist act, while the state continues to destruct friendly dealingss with other provinces ( North Korea, Syria and Iran ) and set up new dealingss. The battle against al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden was transformed into wars against Afghanistan and Iraq. As a consequence, Orwell’s vision becomes a world ; as the author provinces inComing Up for Air, â€Å"†¦and the crowds of a million people all heartening for the Leader boulder clay they deafen themselves into believing that they truly worship him, and all the clip, underneath, they hate him so that they want to puke† ( Orwell, 1977 [ pag e 149 ] ) . Therefore, similar toAnimal Farm, Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fourandComing Up for Airreveal that power is ever corrupted and that any societal system, be it fascism, communism, dictatorship or animalism, is a mere psychotic belief. As Orwell ( 1977 [ page 149 ] ) truly claims inComing Up for Air, â€Å"Hitler’s black and Stalin’s white. But it might every bit good be the other manner about, because in the small chap’s mind both Hitler and Stalin are the same. Both average wrenchs and smashed faces† . InBrave New WorldAldous Huxley besides creates the Utopian universe, where people are deprived of the world. In this respect, Huxley portrays a dystopian society, which is governed by the Controllers and haoma, a specific drug that dispossesses persons of their historical yesteryear, civilization, freedom and thought. Although haoma is implemented to assist people with their emphasiss, it appears to be a psychotic belief, as haoma destroys their lives and their personalities. Huxley’s supporters are someplace between positive and negative emotions, experiencing unusual apathy and the loss of sensitiveness, as they are produced for societal demands, but non for single being. These people do non uncover any involvement or the wish for creativeness ; missing the past and history, the characters can non command their present life or organize their hereafter. Many of them are created as twins and are farther exposed to the method of psychological conditioning that wholly erases the ir individualism, coercing the characters to keep the illusory ideals. However, Huxley demonstrates that these people do non gain their interior devastation, as they lack the ability to believe, and the Controllers see them as â€Å"nice tame animals† ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 236 ] ) . This is besides a sort of brainwashing ; the Controllers, similar to Orwell’s Big Brother, make people believe in Utopia, using to drugs and conditioning. But unlike Orwell’s narrative, brainwashing is utilised from birth when babes are conditioned to appreciate certain values. From the really first kids are distributed among five societal castes, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon, and they can non alter their societal position. Actually, they do non desire any alterations, as they are conditioned to experience felicity. Harmonizing to the Controllers’ vision, â€Å"You’ve got to take between felicity and what people used to name high art. Actual felicity ever looks pretty seamy in comparing with the overcompensation for misery† ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 221 ] ) . But this point of view is false, because felicity can non be identified with the absence of hurting ; it is the Savage who realises that a individual achieves felicity if he/she has freedo m and individualism. Therefore, Huxley presents the scientific and unreal universe, where common people are reduced to nil, as elect governments have all the power in their custodies. In the essayScience, Liberty and Peace( 1946 ) Huxley points at the fact that the concentration of power in the custodies of some persons who are responsible for scientific development consequences in the formation of societal disparity. This thought is clearly expressed inBrave New World, where every character is someone’s ownership and he/she has neither the ability nor the want to get freedom. Familiarity or solitariness are the misdemeanors of the bing system ; as Fanny Crowne explains, â€Å"After all, every one belongs to every one else† ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 43 ] ) . The supporters in Huxley’sBrave New Worldwork and loosen up together, as the Controllers are afraid that solitariness may destruct the psychological conditioning and force people to believe. This is particularly obvious in the conversation between Bernard Marx and one of the Controllers, in which the latter provinces, â€Å"I’m non at all pleased with the studies I received of your beh avior outside working hours†¦ If I hear once more of any oversight from a proper criterion of childish decorousness, I shall inquire for your transference to Iceland† ( ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 98 ] ) . In fact, today’s mass media, particularly in the United States, greatly corresponds with haoma and conditioning in Huxley’s narrative. As engineering began to progress, telecasting and computing machines started to command the person’s head, similar to Huxley’s haoma. InBrave New Worldthe Controllers besides utilise the alleged sleep-learning, with the aid of which children’s thought is changed during slumber. As for grownups, haoma and conditioning are aggravated by the publication of specific plants that maintain people in the illusive universe. The Controllers inBrave New World,particularly Mustapha Mond, make everything to forbid the spread of true publications, like the work of Bernard Marx, as they are afraid that such plants will destruct the procedure of conditioning. In modern America the function of the Controller is performed by media, as kid and grownup population is socially conditioned by assorted Television plans and the Internet, whi ch demonstrate assorted illustrations of terrorist act, sexual perversion and drug dependence. Besides, similar to soma, the USA has become obsessed with such anti-depressant drug as Prozac, which creates an semblance of felicity and calm, but the negative effects of these anti-depressants are concealed by the media. The major purpose of Huxley’s society is ingestion ; this thought is infused in the protagonists’ minds through the specific instructions that are invariably reiterated. The instructions are as follows: â€Å"Old apparels are beastly, we ever throw off old apparels. Ending is better than mending, stoping is better than mending, stoping is better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 49 ] ) . Religion in Huxley’s universe is besides based on the rules of ingestion ; in peculiar, it replaces Christ for Ford and the cross for T, one of Ford’s auto theoretical accounts. In these portraitures Aldous Huxley embodies his ain frights of people’s mercenary being, of their compulsion with external facets and their disregard of inner universes, of spiritualty. Picturing this Utopian society, the author implicitly demonstrates that this Utopia may go a world, because in the universe that is excessively preoccupied with philistinism and pleasures people bury thei r true predestination. In the United States and Russia the spread of ingestion developed the job of workaholism ; material values became so of import for the bulk of American and Russian population that they bit by bit replaced household life with concern life. The function of household in Huxley’s fabricated society is besides eliminated, but the grounds are different. Making an effort to get by with the job of overpopulation, the Controllers in Huxley’sBrave New Worldprohibit matrimonies and childbearing. Alternatively, kids are produced with the aid of familial technology and are brought up in the conditioning Centres. Such vision demonstrates Huxley’s concern for unmanageable sexual dealingss that normally result in the increased birth rate or abortions. Use of haoma aggravates the devastation of familial dealingss, as people inBrave New Worldrely on the drug instead than on close people. The modern universe besides confronts with the issues of human cloning, abortions and drugs, r aising hot arguments among assorted groups of people. As for cloning, Cambell and Wilmut’s successful cloning of Dolly, an grownup sheep, was followed by the first human cloning performed by British scientists from Newcastle University. Actually, these bookmans hope to use the root cells from the ringer for the intervention of such serious unwellnesss as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and palsy. However, public and media’s attitude to cloning is instead equivocal, and Huxley’sBrave New Worldclearly demonstrates the grounds of people’s anxiousnesss, as human cloning disrupts the natural procedures and destroys familial dealingss. Lee Silver ( 1998 ) , the American professor, considers that Huxley’s universe is nearing and that cloning may supply splendid chances for all human existences. Harmonizing to Silver, in close hereafter it will be possible for rich people to clone their kids, bring forthing a separate category of persons. During his governing President Bill Clinton opposed carnal and human cloning, doing efforts to forbid researches on cloning, but today’s President George Bush seems to back up the issue of cloning. Meanwhile, scientists continue to carry on experiments in private and secret research labs without any societal or governmental control. Under such conditions, the effects of these experiments may be truly destructive. C ontroversies in respect to such important issues are unacceptable, because they do non work out the state of affairs, but aggravate it. On the other manus, inBrave New WorldHuxley besides reveals the negative effects of stableness ; as the Controllers acknowledge, â€Å"The world’s stable now†¦ [ but people ] are so conditioned that they practically can’t aid behaving as they ought to act. That’s the monetary value we pay for stability† ( Huxley, 1998 [ page 221 ] ) . Huxley’s attitude to stability corresponds with Orwell’s vision, but unlike Orwell’s universe, where the regulating organic structure suppresses all persons, Huxley’s universe preserves some people, the barbarians, who live in specific reserves and who lead a natural being. Although these people lack any engineering, they set up close dealingss and maintain their cultural values. In his last workIsland( 1962 ) Aldous Huxley besides portrays the Utopian universe on the island Pala, but Palanese society well differs from the society portrayed inBrave New World.InIslandthe author maintains the th ought of limited industrialization ; though engineering is utilised in Pala for the medical intents, it is restricted in other countries, such as hydroelectricity and armed forces. In this respect, Huxley ( 1968 ) expresses his want for the society, which, on the one manus, is increasingly developed, and, on the other manus, is crude. While inBrave New Worldhaoma is utilised for conciliation, inIslanddrugs serve for increasing people’s cognition and self hunt. InBrave New Worldthe issue of gender is presented through the conservative position ; this is particularly obvious on the illustration of Savage John who kills himself when he looses virginity. InIslandgender is analysed in a more freely mode ; in Pala sexual dealingss are important for the inner development. InIslandthe societal system corresponds with Plato’s vision of society that has no military, that is why, Pala is alienated from the universe. But this Utopian universe besides has some negative sides ; despite the fact that Pala reflects the combination of Western and Eastern philosophical schools, Huxley clearly demonstrates that world is something more than any doctrine. Palanese society is so haunted with its values and manner of life that it to the full rejects other societies and reveals its implacability towards other faiths. 5 Decisions The conducted research has addressed the issues of province, freedom, apathy and brainwashing in George Orwell’s novelNineteen Eighty-fourand Aldous Huxley’s novelBrave New World.Using to the historical and comparative methods, the paper evaluates the symbolical portraitures of totalitarian systems that are presented through the satirical vision. The findings of the analysis reveal that both literary plants are prophetic in their portraitures of the hereafter societies. Although Huxley and Orwell create different narratives with different historical contexts, their visions of the province parallel the modern societal and political systems in such states as Germany, United States, China, Russia and Ukraine. Huxley’s portraiture of cloned persons corresponds with the recent successful efforts of scientists to clone animate beings and human existences. Besides, the writer’s description of haoma, the narcotic drug, reflects the world of the modern universe, wh ere mass media controls people’s heads in the similar manner. The paper suggests that American and Russian mass media, particularly telecasting and Internet, is the chief tool of societal conditioning. Orwell’s portraiture of head control parallels the job of brainwashing that is particularly aggravated in the United States. Using to brainwashing, the Bush authorities creates a political system that well resembles the Nazi government and involves Americans into terrorist act. Overall, Aldous Huxley and George Orwell represent dystopian societies, which prohibit any show of freedom, believing, free will and powerful emotions, using such signifiers of influence as brainwashing or drugs to set up the full control over citizens. The dystopian societies in these narratives reveal the possible menace, functioning as a cautiousness against any sorts of the absolute societal control, as was merely the instance with German fascism and Russian totalitarian government in the 20Thursdaycentury. But while Huxley’sBrave New Worlddeficiencies any terrorist disposition, showing the society that is non engaged in any sorts of resistance due to the consequence of haoma and conditioning, Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-fournowadayss a more aggressive universe with resistance, hurting and poorness. The battle is the c hangeless phenomenon of Orwell’s universe, negatively act uponing economical, societal, cultural and political life of this dystopian society. 6 Suggestions for farther research Although the research has provided a elaborate analysis of Huxley’sBrave New Worldand Orwell’sNineteen Eighty-Four,pulling a analogue between the modern universe and the universes presented in the novels, the paper has some restrictions. First, the analysis is reduced merely to two writers of the 20Thursdaycenturies who depict the Utopian societies, while farther researches may be aimed at measuring other literary pieces of Utopian and dystopian fiction of the 19Thursday– 20Thursdaycenturies, such asSolarisby Stanislaw Lem and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Second, the major emphasis in the research is made onBrave New WorldandNineteen Eighty-four; other plants of Huxley and Orwell are discussed briefly. Therefore, it will be important to broaden the analysis, including all major plants and essays written by the mentioned writers. Mentions Books ALI, T. , 2002. The Clash of Fundamentalism. London: Verso. ANISIMOV, I. , 1975. Pravda Review of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In: J. Meyers, ed. , George Orwell: The Critical Heritage ( pp.282-283 ) . London and Boston, MA: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. BARNES, H. E. , 1980. How Nineteen Eighty-four Tendencies Threaten American Peace, Freedom and Prosperity. In: H.E. Barnes, Revisionism: A Key to Peace and Other Essays ( pp.142-143 ) . San Francisco: Cato Institute. CALDER, J. , 1976. Huxley and Orwell: Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Adward Arnold Publishers Ltd. FROMM, E. , 1990. Afterword. In: G. Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Signet Classic. FUKUYAMA, F. , 2002. Our Post-Human Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. London: Profile. HITCHENS, C. , 2002. Why Orwell Matters. New York: Basic Books. HUXLEY, A. , 1946. Science, Liberty and Peace. New York: Harper A ; Row. HUXLEY, A. , 1968. Island. New York: Harper A ; Row Publishers. HUXLEY, A. , 1998. Time Must Have a Stop. Illinois, Dalkey Archive Press. HUXLEY, A. , 1998. Weather New World. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc. KENNEDY, A. , 1998. The Inversion of Form: Deconstructing 1984. In: G. Holderness, B. Loughrey A ; N. Yousaf, eds. , George Orwell ( pp.76-96 ) . Basingstoke: Macmillan. LEEDY, P. , 2001. Practical Research. New Jersey: Merill. MADDEN, D. , 1992. Womans in Dystopia: Misogyny in Brave New World, 1984 and A Clockwork Orange. In: K. A. Ackley, ed. , Misogyny in Literature: An Essay Collection ( pp.77-86 ) . New York: Garland. MANNHEIM, K. , 1985. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Harvest. ORWELL, G. , 1970. Letter to Francis A. Henderson. In: S. Orwell and I. Angus, eds. , The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, 4 Vols ( Vol. 4: In Front of Your Nose ) . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ORWELL, G. , 1970. As I Please, Tribune, 21 July 1944. In: S. Orwell and I. Angus, eds. , The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, 4 Vols ( Vol.3, pp.93-94 ) . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ORWELL, G. , 1970. Literature and Totalitarianism, Listener 19. June 1941. In: S. Orwell and I. Angus, eds. , The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, 4 Vols ( Vol.2, pp.161-164 ) . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ORWELL, G. , 1977. Coming Up for Air. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ORWELL, G. , 1977. Animal Farm. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ORWELL, G. , 2000. Nineteen Eighty-four. London, Penguin. POSTMAN, N. , 1986. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New York: Penguin Books. RAGIN, C. , 1991. Issues and Options in Comparative Social Research. Leiden: Brill. RAI, A. , 1988. Orwell and the Politicss of Despair: A Critical Study of the Writings of George Orwell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SILVER, L. , 1998. Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will Transform the American Family. New York, Avon. SUVIN, D. , 1970. Afterword. In: S. Lem, Solaris ( pp.205-216 ) . New York: Faber. Winter, F. , 1984. Was Orwell a Secret Optimist? : The Narrative Structure of the Appendix to Nineteen Eighty-Four. In: B. J. Suykerbuyk, ed. , Essays from Oceania and Eurasia: George Orwell and 1984: Documents Presented at the Orwell Conference, University of Antwerp, 11-13 November 1983 ( pp.79-89 ) . Antwerp: Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen. Dictionaries THE CONCISE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH, 1991. R.E. Allen, erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Diaries GARTMAN, D. , 1998. ‘Postmodernism ; or the Cultural Logic of Post-Fordism’ , Sociological Quarterly, 39 ( 1 ) , 119-137. MECKIER, J. , 1978 ( spring ) . ‘Our Ford, Our Freud and the Behaviourist Conspiracy in Huxley’s Brave New World’ , Thalia 1, 35-59. VARRICCHIO, M. , 1999. ‘Power of Images/Images of Power in Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four’ , Utopian Studies, 10 ( 1 ) , 98-107.

Development of Arab Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Development of Arab Film - Essay Example However, the Quran does not have instructions on the subject giving Arab cinema creators a chance to come up with pieces that include a man and beast character. The cinema producers are prohibited by Islam from using images that are works of Satan. The minor religious objection led to the development of film in Arab. Symbolism is used to develop relations between characters and the plot of the films. Traditional Arab culture did not recognize symbolism in both fine arts and literary genres such as classical poetry ( Shafik 61). Lack of symbolism recognition in Arab films then paved way for western film influence. The films began to integrate symbols into Arab’s literary creations. The process brought meaning to symbols used in Arab fills that would depend on different elements to fix images. The influence of western films came in to teach the directors how to come up with symbols with unambiguous statements. The major forms or elements of popular theatre in Arab films include performers, audience, director, theatre space, design elements, and dramatic action personified in the text. The elements were initially developed by the activities of the actors, actresses, and directors who combined effort to create plays with public appeal. For instance, a play such as Kish Kish bey was adapted for the film but the play was a success due to a combined effort of the stars (Shafik 72). The films were directed for Arab and international audience after World War II. The dramatic actions, design elements, and arrangement of theatre space were influenced by elements of European theatre.  

Compare Zara and Primarks operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal development - Essay Example The study of accounts at an undergraduate level opens the career path to be an accountant. Also my inclination towards the subject matter shall be beneficial for the future growth and prospects within the professional frontier. The role of a financial accountant is one that needs sound cognitive ability and good sense of judgement. The Big Four accounting firms recruit in huge batches whenever they have requirements. Such recruitment is done mostly of fresh graduates who shall offer a great and collegial work environment. With a surrounding of people within the same age group and the same inclination towards the subject, the environment becomes more acclaimed towards the company and the profession. Such opportunities help in developing great business networks as well (Tilus, 2012). The job of a financial accountant requires sound knowledge of the different functions of the company because of the level of applicability of the finance department with all different departments of the company. This shall also help in boosting knowledge about overall company functions and relationship and strength of different departments. This also offers the scope to financial accountants to identify loopholes in business practices and suggest changes that might be beneficial to the company. The financial accountant is in a very advantageous position to help the management and develop oneself and expand the scope to the managerial levels than simply restricting one to the level of an accountant. The financial accountant is often promoted to the levels of production or operations manager because of his vast knowledge about various company functions like wholesale, retail, manufacturing, operations, finance and HR and also for the managerial skills acquired thereof. Accounting profession allows for interaction with a number of clients and

Study on the issues of organizational structure

Study on the issues of organizational structure Issue on organizational structure, in particular hospital structure has suffered a great deal of transformation over the past few decades. The structure not only represents the culture and target, but also exhibits and evaluates the correlation between individuals who work within a hospital, so as to facilitate the productivity and job efficiency (Madden, Courtney, Montgomery, Nash 2006, p.283). Laschinger, Finegan, and Sharmian (2001, p.60) indicate that a reasonable organizational structure has significant impact on promoting work efficiency in hospital, thus better healthcare services can be given to patients. Moreover, it is considerred that the design of organizational structure can be largely affected by different factors, such as organizations vision, mission, and strategy (Madden et al. 2006, p.272). Consequently, a well-structured health care organization will facilitate self-development, so as to enhance satisfaction on both patients and employee. 1.2 Thesis Statement A critical analysis of the organizational structure and the relationship to the mission and vision in regards to Concord Repatriation General Hospital in Sydney, Australia. 1.3 Scope This paper will be separated into three sections, which contain background information of the health care facility, then critically analyse the organizational structure in relations to its mission, and last but not least, a sound reasonable conclusion and recommendation will be elicited according to analysis. Background Information of the Health Care Facility This paper will focus on the critical analysis of Concord Repatriation General Hospital, which is also simply known as Concord Hospital in Sydney, Australia. Concord Hospital represents not only one of the most superior hospitals with the provision of a range of specialty inpatient and outpatient services in Sydney, but also an educational facility for offering training and placement opportunities for medical students. Moreover, the hospital has built up a comprehensive system, which received highly appreciation by Australian Council on Healthcare Standards for providing timely and excellent patients care, in particular, Burns Unit plays a major role across the states (Concord Repatriation General Hospital (CRGH), 2009). According to Concord Hospital (2008), the combined mission statement and vision state that practising clinical excellence, leading in teaching, contributing to health research, responding to the special needs of Veterans, and changing with the needs of the community. And this can be achieved throughout taking care of individual patient needs; providing quality services; promoting healthy lifestyles; as well as valuing health care teams (CRGH, 2008). Thus, from its organizational point of view, the primary or principal goal of Concord Hospital is more consumers concentrated, in order to provide better health care services. For example, a five-year programme finished by the hospital in 2006 in regarding to capital works provides assistance in the expansion of care and services for patients in several areas, such as Aged Care and Rehabilitation, co-locating some specialties outpatient and inpatient services, so as to bring benefits to both patients and non-patients (CRGH, 2008). Figure 1 illustrates the detailed organizational structure of Concord Hospital. It can be seen that there are five branches under General Manager, which comprise Director of Medicine, Director of Nursing, Director of Corporate and Clinical Support Services, Director Performance and Informatics, as well as Demand Management Unit. The Academic and Research lies alongside with the link of broken line (CRGH, 2008). Figure 1: The detail organizational structure of Concord Hospital (CRGH, 2008) CRITICAL ANALYSIS 3. 1 Critical analyse the hospital organizational structure in relation to its mission According to Figure 1, the organizational structure of Concord Hospital can be treated as line or functional structure, as it classifies alike disciplines together (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter 2006, p.336). It is shown that both its mission accomplishment, and hospital collaborates its structure with mission are more likely to reflect positive employee action (Bart, DeGroote, Bontis, Taggar 2001, p.19). In addition, this organizational structure not only enormously shows the culture and target of the hospital, such as build up Anzac Research Institution, but also offer a clear line of authority, which points out the hierarchy lies within different departments, so as to maximum benefits healthcare services to patients and employee (Madden et al. 2006, p.283). 3.2 The advantages and limitations of the structure for health care delivery Concord Hospital is more based upon a concept of functional structure. Chain of command, as a concept of organizational design states the authority is developed and ranked from upper level of the hospital to its lower position (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). According to figure 1, the chart deploys the hierarchy from the advanced to lower level position, for example, Director of Nursing to Assistance in Nursing. Critically speaking, this type of organizational structure shows the ability of economizing expenditure, it can be considerred that this organizational structure not only minimizes the recurrence of employee and capital, but also increases the efficiency in use of resources, so as to deliver better quality of care to patients in a particular treatment unit. By contraries, it cannot be denied that professionals or staff can be isolated under this structure with very limited information in regarding to other departments work. Again, the deficiency in exchange of thoughts between employees may induce the downside of quality in healthcare services that provided to patients (University of Western Sydney (UWS)2010, p. 19). 3.3 The key lines of authority and responsibility for achieving organizational goals The key lines of authority and duty in Concord Hospital to be broken down into several subordinates. According to figure 1 (CRGH, 2008), each level of authorities from upper to lower level has been detailed illustrated under different specialties. It is believed that the authority is generally derived from managerial level, and then tasks are given to employee to complete (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). In other words, for those who are in higher level have predominant rights than lower level employee. This organizational structure also purely explains the hierarchy of work, and the responsibility of each level(Madden et al. 2006, p.283). For instance, nursing manager has absolute authority and occupies full responsibility in managing nursing related stuff. It can be thought that authorized person needs to utilize resources efficiently and effectively, thus assists in achieve organizational goals via granted lines of authority and responsibility (Chandler 2003, p.48). 3.4 The utility of the structure in relation to the achievement of the organizations mission and goals The utility of the structure of an organization should encourage in the achievement of organizational mission and vision. It breaks down organizations employee into specific sections, in order to produce harmonious adjustment between each other (Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshal 1995, p. 352). It is obviously that Concord Hospital establishes a full range of departments for providing better quality of care to patients. For example, the Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) links the hospital itself with its teaching university focus on the provision of effective care, and better their living standards among ageing patient group (The University of Sydney, 2010). This accordingly shows the comprehensive quality of care to be given to a specific group of patients in order to enable the hospital missions which are providing quality services to patients, leading in teaching, contributing to health research to be accomplished (CRGH, 2008). 3.5 Aspects of the structure which facilitate or impede performance and potential solutions Organizational structure can be seen as an effective tool for promoting interaction between various departments within an organization. Also the distribution of responsibility between specialties in the hospital aims to speed the combination of healthcare services among patient (Stoelwinder, Blandford, Perkins 2006, p.319-320). The traditional structure is used by Concord Hospital which classifies same groups of professions into one specialty, it can be seen that this type of structure mainly concentrate on professional training and development, then better quality of care can be given to patient. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that the structure affects the provision of efficient healthcare services, as health professions are grouped into different facilities, which leads to the lack of coordination and communication between departments, thus compromise on healthcare to be given to patient. Whereas, some mixed structures can be considered under this circumstance, such as a tradition al functional structure mixes with product structure, so as to not only benefits healthcare professions, but also brings much more attention to patient care (Stoelwinder et al. 2006, p. 322). 4. CONCLUSION This paper concentrates on the critical analysis of organizational structure and relationship to mission and vision for Concord Hospital. The hospital is one of the most superior hospitals with the provision of a range of specialty inpatient and outpatient services in Sydney. Concord Hospital has a combined mission statement and vision, and this can be achieved throughout taking care of individual patient needs; providing quality services; promoting healthy lifestyles; as well as valuing health care teams. The organizational structure of Concord Hospital by using line structure shows that its mission accomplishment, and hospital collaborates its structure with mission are more likely to reflect positive employee action. Moreover, it can be considered that this organizational structure minimizes the recurrence of employee and capital, as well as increases the efficiency in use of resources, so as to deliver better quality of care to patients in a particular treatment unit. By contraries, it cannot be denied that professionals or staff can be isolated under this structure with very limited information in regarding to other departments work, the lack of communication results in the downside of quality in healthcare services that provided to patients. The key lines of authority and the duty in Concord Hospital to be broken down into several subordinates. It is believed that for those who are in higher level have predominant rights than lower level employee. Furthermore, the utility of the structure of an organization assists in the achievement of organizational mission and vision. Overall, the structure of Concord Hospital is considerably well designed. It is obviously that the hospital establishes a series of full range departments and specialties for providing better quality of care to patients. The organizational structure in terms of type, authority lines, and structure utility has largely impacts on its organizational mission and vision.